DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Database System Applications

• A Historical Perspective
• File Systems versus a DBMS
• The Data Model
• Levels of Abstraction in a DBMS
• Data Independence
• Structure of a DBMS

Introduction to Database Design

• Database Design and ER Diagrams
• Entities, Attributes, and Entity Sets
• Relationships and Relationship Sets
• Additional Features of the ER Model
• Conceptual Design With the ER Model

Introduction to the Relational Model

• Integrity constraint over relations
• Enforcing integrity constraints
• Querying relational data
• Logical database design
• Introduction to views
• Destroying/altering tables and views

Relational Algebra, Tuple Relational Calculus, Domain Relational Calculus

SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers

• Form of basic SQL query
• UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT
• Nested Queries
• Aggregation operators
• NULL values
• Complex integrity constraints in SQL
• Triggers and active databases

Schema Refinement

• Problems caused by redundancy
• Decompositions
• Problems related to decomposition
• Reasoning about functional dependencies
• First, Second, Third normal forms
• BCNF
• Lossless join decomposition
• Multivalued dependencies
• Fourth normal form
• Fifth normal form

Transaction Concept and Transaction State

• Implementation of Atomicity and Durability
• Concurrent Executions
• Serializability
• Recoverability
• Implementation of Isolation
• Testing for serializability

Lock Based Protocols, Timestamp Based Protocols, Validation- Based Protocols

• Multiple Granularity
• Recovery and Atomicity
• Log–Based Recovery
• Recovery with Concurrent Transactions

File Organization and Indexing

• Cluster Indexes
• Primary and Secondary Indexes
• Index data Structures
• Hash Based Indexing
• Tree based Indexing
• Comparison of File Organizations
• Indexes- Intuitions for tree Indexes
• Indexed Sequential Access Methods (ISAM)
• B+ Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure